such as the conservative rulers, the lack of popular After the fall of Napoleon, the major European powers (Austria, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom, & Prussia) what was to be done with Italy, which was conquered at the time by Napoleon. e) Foreign nations had a great impact on the process. Sardinia/Piedmont— l In 1848, there was Risorgimento movement. Before the year of 1848, the Italian faced a lot of difficulties to urge the unification movement. Even liberal powers like Britain and the mother of Revolution, France did not dare to take the risk of a war which may be caused if Italy was united and this might invite foreign intervention in the young Italy. Who did Cavour ally with to help fight Austria in the North? The Pope had failed to recognise that Rome was even part of Italy and many people may have agreed with the Pope such was his influence in those times. Revolts are suppressed. Historians have spent many years analyzing the origins of World War 1. After the failure of revolution in 1848, people looked to Piedmont for leadership in achieving the unification of Italy. l Mazzini wanted to set up the Republic of Italy to unify Italy into Prior to its unification, following the collapse of the Roman Empire, Italy had long been a conglomeration of independent city-states and territories. doctrine of ordinary people’s lives at the expense of religion whose power had become a tattered  P • Planning and Structuring an Essay deals with logical structures By 1870, Italy had finally captured Rome and as a result of this military victory had conquered the whole of the Italian Peninsula. leadership in control the approach could take many different directions, the most well­known  Grade them. l In 1831, Mazzini formed the Society of Young Italy (it was more He used his... ...Italian unification 31,599 hits Soon after the New Year, Europe exploded in revolutions as Mike Rapport stated, “in 1848 a violent storm of revolutions tore through Europe.”1. March 1861 (the official unification) 1859-1870 (completion with Venice and Rome) Metternich: Italy is "a mere geographical expression" Italy was neither a nation nor a state because it was under foreign rules: The Hapsburgs, there were different dialects, and it was economically divided, the north being more developed than the south It was thus decided that Italy would be divided among different monarchs, all associated with the Habsburgs (except for Piedmont Sardinia, which was to be ruled by Victor Emmanuel, an independent monarch, and Papal States, ruled by the pope.). ways. For instance, in some subjects it is acceptable to write very personally and put forward your own opinions and feelings on a topic and in others such a personal response would not be appropriate. The economic crisis also increased the rate of unemployment. This booklet looks at, how to analyse your essay question. Italian Unification The Italian unification also called the Italian Risorgimento is the series of political and military events that led to a united Italian Peninsula under the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. #1 p. 30). They carried out a Essay. activity in the Papal States in 1831 Austria came to the This event is an example of what principle? Some important problems remained unresolved, however, including illiteracy and poverty, with the latter being a major contributor to Italian emigration to the United States. Introduction To understand the unification of Italy, matters before the revolution need to be examined. However, by 1870, Piedmont had managed to unite all of Italy under one ruler. 1) Introduction : Revolts are suppressed. The Italian states of 1848 saw a series of pivotal revolts, spurred by the country's desire to overthrow the conservative rule of the Austrian Empire. b) Cavour. Italian unification was once again frustrated ever the Risorgimento was quickly in advance. The major powers met up at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and reorganized the Italian Peninsula in terms of who owned where. c) Throughout the course of the Italian unification movement, few foreign nations exercised influence: Sardinia, France, Austria, and possibly Prussia and the German states. The changes in Europe in the 19th century, including those a great as Italian Unification, were greatly catalyzed by the brilliance of the political insight of those elite members of society. Italian unification was supported by France (in part) and Great Britain, but was adversed for the want of German unification. They treated that the government as useless. States—controlled This resource is made for History IGCSE . Both rulers and ordinary people were Sicilies—ruled by the Many of the leading nations of Europe sought to emplace their influence in this region to serve as an economical attributor to its powerbase. Assignment 2: Northern states joined Piedmont because of overthrown governments. Italian Unification between 1852 and 1861 In March 1861, Victor Emmanuel II, king of Piedmont-Sardinia assumed the title of king of Italy and proclaimed the new kingdom of Italy. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies—ruled by the French defence of the Pope. Cavour’s ideology led him to arrange the Plombieres meeting in 1858 which involved a secret agreement between Cavour and Louis Napoleon, Napoleon had promised an army of 200,000 which would drive out Austria from Italy and in return France would receive Nice and Savoy. In 1815 temporal l After the Congress of Vienna in 1815-16, they were divided into 8 Expectations of student assignments Germany was the chief orchestrator of these alliances when is first made a secret alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879 (Duffy, "The Causes of World War One"). Europe experienced rather significant economic recession in 1844 and its effects were felt for several years. While studying the history of Europe, one cannot omit the 1848 revolutions. and the Pope shared the conservatism of the other The word "Risorgimento" sums up three distinct aims: the expulsion of f states and the northern part of Italy was controlled by shadow of previous centuries. Up until 1716, Italy was just a big piece of land divided among small kingdoms of monarchs. Many small case-specific causes can be found, but the key is to find general causes that can explain the whole unification. In his first years of revolutionary movements in the 1830s he was exiled from Italy, and moved to Switzerland to create a new movement, the Young Italy. F The conservatism of the Church was therefore an Cavour certainly aimed to get rid of Austrian interference in Italy so that Piedmont would grow into the Italian leading state. Assess the effect of foreign influences on Italian unification. (ref. ...Question 5: Discuss the causes of the 1848 revolutions in Europe. The revolutions of 1848 were a series of simultaneous revolutions across a number of countries, mainly in Europe. Blog. In order to avoid conflict early on, the major powers went through great lengths to maintain a balance of power constructed from a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent. Although the spirit of liberal 1848 revolutions has seriously undermined German nationalism, the idea of a unified German state became popular again in 1860’s. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The explosion of Austrian power in Italy was the main problem which discouraged an early unification of Italy. This included that of Cavour. On top of this we need to address the fact that not all European countries had revolutions, and some countries did begin to have revolutionary movements but they failed to take off as full revolutions. This was due to the rapid industrialization in Prussia and non-Prussian Germany, when the industrialist middle-classes turned to nationalism in order to secure the well-being of their enterprises under the strong, unified German nation-state. Moreover, the general political atmosphere in Europe did not allow new concessions to Italian balance when the powers were concerned with maintaining the balance of power and to prevent the setting of French hegemony in Europe again. MAZZINI One year later, he also was made Minister of Navy and Finance and finally to be Prime Minister in 1852. In this context, Austria, being in charge of the German Confederation and having the support of most German States (excluding Prussia, of course) at the time, could have stepped in favor of German nationalism and ensured its strong... ...How the European Alliance Helped Cause World War 1 After the Prussian Erfurt Union plan, aimed at the creation of Prussian-dominated Kleindeutsch (Little German) unified state under the presidency of Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm, failed following the revolt at Hesse-Cassel and Olmutz Capitulation; Austria had an excellent opportunity to ensure its lasting dominance in the German Confederation and lead the cause of German national Unification. Italy - Italy - Unification: In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. #1 p. 30). • Developing and Supporting an Argument deals with persuasion This was due to a growing national identity and the sight of nearby countries also unifying. As with many revolutions, the main cause was economic that channeled into political, social, cultural, and national demands for reforms. rulers would still have been opposed to greater unity. -Mazzini In 1847, Cavour founded a newspaper, Risorgimento, to propagate his national ideas. Italian term for the movement of unification “The Italian Unification or Italian Risorgimento is known as the chain of political and military events that produced a united Italian peninsula under the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. UNIFICATION Austria-Hungary - in the Balkans, the growth of Slavic nationalist groups threatened the stability of the already-fragile Austro-Hungarian empire. He studied the political systems of Britain and France and from the beginning he insisted that the unified Italy should be a parliamentary monarchy on the British model. H.O. Once politically tapped, this shared heritage and  Austria’s shifty foreign policy in the Crimean War (1854-1856), as well as its imperialist interests in Italy, Moldavia and Wallachia, established its international reputation as a purely imperial (and not German) Empire. Nevertheless, this rose tensions for political, religious and cultural reasons, meaning true unification wasn't complete for years. ground for nationalism growth. H.O. Italian unification continued with the acquisition of Venice in 1866; Italy had fought with Prussia against Austria and was rewarded. 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